Hot solids gasifier with CO2 removal and hydrogen production

ABSTRACT

A gasifier  10  includes a first chemical process loop  12  having an exothermic oxidizer reactor 14 and an endothermic reducer reactor  16 . CaS is oxidized in air in the oxidizer reactor  14  to form hot CaSO 4  which is discharged to the reducer reactor  16 . Hot CaSO 4  and carbonaceous fuel received in the reducer reactor  16  undergo an endothermic reaction utilizing the heat content of the CaSO 4 , the carbonaceous fuel stripping the oxygen from the CaSO 4  to form CaS and a CO rich syngas. The CaS is discharged to the oxidizer reactor  14  and the syngas is discharged to a second chemical process loop  52 . The second chemical process loop  52  has a water-gas shift reactor  54  and a calciner  42 . The CO of the syngas reacts with gaseous H 2 O in the shift reactor 54 to produce H 2  and CO 2 . The CO 2  is captured by CaO to form hot CaCO 3  in an exothermic reaction. The hot CaCO 3  is discharged to the calciner  42 , the heat content of the CaCO 3  being used to strip the CO 2  from the CaO in an endothermic reaction in the calciner, with the CaO being discharged from the calciner  42  to the shift reactor  54.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] This invention relates generally to apparatus for producing hydrogen. More particularly, the present invention relates to apparatus utilizing fossil fuels, biomass, petroleum coke, or any other carbon bearing fuel to produce hydrogen for power generation which minimizes or eliminates the release of carbon dioxide (CO₂).

[0002] Fossil fuel power stations conventionally use steam turbines to convert heat into electricity. Conversion efficiencies of new steam power stations can exceed 40% LHV. New supercritical steam boiler designs, relying on new materials, allow higher steam temperatures and pressures, providing efficiencies of close to 50% LHV and further improvements might be expected. Significant advancements have also been made in combined cycle gas turbines (CCFTs). A gas turbine can withstand much higher inlet temperatures than a steam turbine. This factor produces considerable increases in overall efficiency. The latest designs currently under construction can achieve efficiencies of over 60% LHV. All of these improvements in efficiency translate into a reduction of the specific emissions on a per megawatt basis.

[0003] Although substantial reductions in emissions of CO₂ could be achieved by increase in efficiency of energy conversion and utilization, such reductions may not be sufficient to achieve atmospheric CO₂ stabilization. Therefore, efforts have also been directed towards the capture and sequestration of the CO₂ emitted by fossil fuel-fired power plants. Sequestration of CO₂ entails the storage or utilization of CO₂ in such a way that it is kept out of the atmosphere. Capture of the CO₂ may be performed prior to or after combustion of the fuel. Production of CO₂ may be minimized during combustion of the fuel.

[0004] The fuel may be de-carbonized prior to combustion by extracting H₂ from the hydrocarbon fuel, the CO₂ being captured and the H₂ being subsequently combusted. Steam reforming, gasification and partial oxidation are examples of such processes. The most promising de-carbonization approach is via Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC). With IGCC, coal is gasified to produce a synthesis gas, which is then catalytically water gas shifted in order to increase the CO₂ concentration. This shifted synthesis gas is quenched, and CO₂ is removed with a solvent, such as selexol, in a process analogous to the amine flue gas scrubbing. Separated CO₂, is dried and compressed to supercritical conditions for pipeline transport. The cleaned synthesis gas, now rich in H₂, is fired in a combustion turbine and waste heat from the gasification quench and from the GT fuel gas is recovered to raise steam and feed a steam turbine. Because the CO₂ is removed from the concentrated and pressurized synthesis gas stream, the incremental capital cost and energy penalty is lower than for the capture of CO₂ from flue gas. A study by Parsons Energy and Chemical Group, Inc. has shown an incremental energy penalty of about 14% and the cost of CO₂ mitigation of about $18/tonne (Owens, et al., 2000).

[0005] Combustion of the fossil fuel in O₂/recycled flue gas eliminates the need for capture of CO₂ by using pure or enriched oxygen instead of air for combustion. A substantial energy penalty is incurred using this process due to the large power requirements of producing pure oxygen.

[0006] Alternatively, separation of CO₂ after combustion with air can be accomplished by a variety of techniques. The most well established method today is removal from the flue gas stream by amine solvent scrubbing in an absorption-stripping process. Such processes are already applied commercially to coal-fired boilers for the purpose of producing CO₂ for industrial or food industry use. Unfortunately, substantial capital equipment is required. The efficiency of the power plant is significantly reduced by the energy required to regenerate the solvent. Studies of amine scrubbing technology applied to a U.S. utility boiler case indicate that capital investment is on the order of the original power plant and energy efficiency is reduced by 41%.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] Briefly stated, the invention in a preferred form is a gasifier for producing a gas product from a carbonaceous fuel which comprises a first chemical process loop including an exothermic oxidizer reactor and an endothermic reducer reactor. The oxidizer reactor has a CaS inlet, a hot air inlet and a CaSO₄/waste gas outlet. The reducer reactor has a CaSO₄ inlet in fluid communication with the oxidizer reactor CaSO₄/waste gas outlet, a CaS/gas product outlet in fluid communication with the oxidizer reactor CaS inlet, and a materials inlet for receiving the carbonaceous fuel. CaS is oxidized in air in the oxidizer reactor to form hot CaSO₄ which is discharged to the reducer reactor. Hot CaSO₄ and carbonaceous fuel received in the reducer reactor undergo an endothermic reaction utilizing the heat content of the CaSO₄, the carbonaceous fuel stripping the oxygen from the CaSO₄ to form CaS and the gas product. The CaS is discharged to the oxidizer reactor, and the gas product being discharged from the first chemical process loop.

[0008] When the gas product is a CO rich syngas, the gasifier further comprises a second chemical process loop including a water-gas shift reactor having a syngas inlet in fluid communication with the reducer reactor CaS/gas product outlet. The shift reactor also has a CaO inlet, a steam inlet for receiving gaseous H₂O, and a particulate outlet. A calciner has a CaCO₃ inlet in fluid communication with the shift reactor particulate outlet and a CaO outlet in fluid communication with the shift reactor CaO inlet. The CO of the syngas reacts with the gaseous H₂O to produce H₂ and CO₂, the CO₂ being captured by the CaO to form hot CaCO₃ in an exothermic reaction, the hot CaCO₃ being discharged to the calciner, the heat content of the CaCO₃ being used to strip the CO₂ from the CaO in an endothermic reaction in the calciner, and the CaO being discharged from the calciner to the shift reactor.

[0009] The shift reactor may also have a fuel inlet for receiving the carbonaceous fuel. In this case, the CO of the syngas and the carbonaceous fuel reacts with the gaseous H₂O to produce H₂, CO₂, and partially decarbonated, hot carbonaceous particulates, with the hot carbonaceous particulates being discharged to the reducer reactor.

[0010] The oxidizer reactor may also have a particulate heat transfer material inlet and a particulate heat transfer material outlet and the calciner may also has a particulate heat transfer material inlet in fluid communication with the oxidizer reactor particulate heat transfer material outlet, and a particulate heat transfer material outlet in fluid communication with the oxidizer reactor particulate heat transfer material inlet. Hot CaSO₄ discharged by the oxidizer reactor is used in the endothermic reaction of the calciner and cooled CaSO₄ is discharged from the calciner to the oxidizer reactor.

[0011] The shift reactor also includes an H₂ outlet for discharging H₂ from the gasifier. The shift reactor particulate outlet includes a heavies outlet discharging heavy particulates from the shift reactor and a lights outlet discharging a mixture of H₂ and light particulates from the shift reactor. A separator in fluid communications with the shift reactor lights outlet separates the light particulates from the H₂, discharges the H₂ from the gasifier, discharges a portion of the light particulates to the reducer reactor lights inlet and another portion to the calciner CaCO₃ inlet.

[0012] The reducer reactor may also include a char gasifier in fluid communication with the shift reactor particulate outlet, a char combustor in fluid communication with the char gasifier, and a carbon burn-out cell in fluid communication with the char combustor and the oxidizer reactor CaS inlet. The char gasifier includes a heavies inlet in fluid communication with the shift reactor heavies outlet, a lights inlet in fluid communication with the separator, and a hot gas outlet of the char gasifier is in fluid communication with a hot gas inlet of the shift reactor. A char outlet and a hot gas inlet of the char gasifier are in fluid communication with a char inlet and a hot gas outlet of the char combustor. A char outlet and a hot gas inlet of the char combustor are in fluid communication with a char inlet and a hot gas outlet of the carbon burn-out cell. The carbon burn-out cell includes a CaS outlet in fluid communication with the oxidizer reactor CaS inlet. Hot CaSO₄ from the oxidizer reactor CaSO₄/waste gas outlet is supplied to the carbon burn-out cell and the char combustor and may be supplied to the char gasifier and/or the shift reactor.

[0013] The calciner may include a calciner vessel having the CaCO₃ inlet and CaO outlet and a combustor in fluid communication with the calciner vessel, the combustor having an air inlet and a CaS inlet. Air and CaS combusted in the combustor produces hot sorbent particles which are discharged to the calciner vessel, the heat content of the sorbent particles calcining the CaCO₃ to produce CaO and CO₂. A settling chamber is disposed intermediate the combustor and the calciner vessel such that hot sorbent particles entrained in flue gas discharged from the combustor enter the settling chamber, where hot heavy sorbent particles fall out the flue gas and enter the calciner. The flue gas and entrained light sorbent particles are discharged to a first separator, where the fine sorbent particles are separated from the flue gas. The CaO and the CO₂ produced by calcining the CaCO₃ are discharged from the calciner vessel to a second separator. CO₂ produced by calcining the CaCO₃ is also discharged through a bypass line. A bypass valve controls the CO₂ flow distribution between the separator and the bypass line, thereby limiting the exit velocity of the CO₂ to the separator to prevent entrainment of heavy sorbent particles in the exiting CO₂. The second separator discharges the CaO to the shift reactor.

[0014] It is an object of the invention to provide a gasifier which produces a medium Btu syngas without requiring and oxygen plant.

[0015] It is also an object of the invention to provide a gasifier which captures carbon dioxide, generated during production a medium Btu syngas, more efficiently than conventional methods.

[0016] Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the drawings and specification.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] The present invention may be better understood and its numerous objects and advantages will become apparent to those skilled in the art by reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

[0018]FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic diagram of a first embodiment of a gasifier, having CO₂ removal and hydrogen production, in accordance with the invention;

[0019]FIG. 2 is a simplified schematic diagram of the calciner of FIG. 1;

[0020]FIG. 3 is a simplified schematic diagram of a second embodiment of a gasifier, having CO₂ removal and hydrogen production, in accordance with the invention;

[0021]FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the fuel flow path of FIG. 3.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

[0022] With reference to the drawings wherein like numerals represent like parts throughout the several figures, a gasifier in accordance with the present invention is generally designated by the numeral 10. The gasifier 10 includes chemical process loops, where calcium based compounds are “looped” to extract oxygen from air and where CO₂ is extracted from reformed synthetic gas (“syngas”) to produce hydrogen (H₂), and thermal process loops, where solid particulates transfer heat from exothermic oxidation reactions to endothermic reduction reactions.

[0023] As shown in FIG. 1, the first chemical process loop is a calcium sulfide/calcium sulfate (CaS/CaSO₄) loop 12. The process equipment in the CaS/CaSO₄ loop 12 includes an exothermic oxidizer reactor 14, an endothermic reducer reactor 16, and a heat exchanger 18. Conventional piping, ductwork, and material transport apparatus interconnect these major components 14, 16, 18 of the CaS/CaSO₄ loop 12 as described in greater detail below. Calcium sulfide and hot air are fed along paths 20, 22 through inlets 24, 26 into the oxidizer reactor 14 where the CaS is oxidized at a temperature of 1600 to 2300° F. to form CaSO₄ which is discharged at a location 28 from the oxidizer reactor through an outlet 30. The CaSO₄ is separated from the waste gas components (principally N₂) of the air fed along the path 22 into the loop 12 in a separator 31. The CaSO₄, heated by the exothermic reaction in the oxidizer reactor 14, and carbon bearing fuel, preferably in the form of coal, are fed along paths 28, 90 into the reducer reactor through inlets 32, 34. In an endothermic reaction occurring at a temperature of 1200 to 2000° F., the coal strips the oxygen from the calcium sulfate to form calcium sulfide, a syngas rich in carbon monoxide (CO) and H₂. The CaS is discharged along a path 36 from the reducer reactor 16 through an outlet 38 which is connected to a separator 37, where the CaS is separated from the syngas, the CaS being discharged to the inlet 24 of the oxidizer reactor 14, to complete the loop 12. A heat exchange unit 39 may be disposed within the reducer reactor 16 to produce steam.

[0024] A portion of the calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) added along a path 40 to the calciner 42 (described in greater detail below) is carried over along a path 44 (as CaO) to the first chemical process loop 12 to capture fuel bound sulfur, forming CaSO₄. CaSO₄ which is excess to the loop requirements is discharged along the path 46 from either the oxidizer reactor 14 or the reducer reactor 16 to maintain the mass balance of the chemical reactions. The continuous requirement to capture fuel-bound sulfur to form CaSO₄ regenerates the calcium compounds used in the first chemical process loop 12, keeping the chemical reactivity high. Depending on the mass flow rate, the heat content of the CaSO₄ may be sufficient to maintain the heat balance between the exothermic oxidizer reactor 14 and the endothermic reducer reactor 16. If the mass flow rate of the CaSO₄ is insufficient to maintain the heat balance, inert bauxite (Al₂O₃) particles may be circulated along paths 28, 36, 20 between the oxidizer reactor 14 and the reducer reactor 16 to increase the total mass of the heat transfer medium.

[0025] The heat exchanger 18 includes a hot end 48 having syngas and waste gas inlets and an air outlet, a cold end 50 having syngas and waste gas outlets and an air inlet, and heat transfer material disposed between the hot and cold ends defining flow passages between the syngas inlet and outlet, the waste gas inlet and outlet, and the air outlet and inlet. The syngas (CO) inlet is connected to the syngas outlet of the reducer reactor 16, the waste gas inlet is connected to the waste gas outlet of the oxidizer reactor 14, and the air outlet is connected to the air inlet of the oxidizer reactor 14. The heat content of the syngas and waste gas is transferred to the air delivered to the oxidizer reactor by the heat transfer material of the heat exchanger 18, improving the efficiency of the exothermic reaction in the oxidizer reactor 14.

[0026] In the first chemical process loop 12, the amount of oxygen in the air delivered to the coal is only sufficient for partial oxidation. In this case, the end product is a sulfur free syngas rich in carbon monoxide (>300 Btu/ft³) suitable for a gas turbine combined cycle. Alternatively, when the amount of oxygen supplied is sufficient to burn all of the coal, the loop acts as a combustion system having end products of pure CO₂ and steam.

[0027] The second chemical process loop is a lime/calcium carbonate (CaO/CaCO₃) loop 52. The process equipment in the CaO/CaCO₃ loop includes a calciner 42 and a water-gas shift reactor 54. Conventional piping, ductwork, and material transport apparatus interconnect these components as described in greater detail below. Steam, lime (CaO), and the CO rich syngas produced in the CaS/CaSO₄ loop 12 are fed along paths 56, 58, 60 through inlets 62, 64, 66 into the shift reactor 54 where, the CO of the syngas reacts with the gaseous H₂O to produce H₂ and CO₂. The lime captures the CO₂, forming CaCO₃ in an exothermic reaction, producing a temperature level of 1200-1700° F. This heat can drive a gasification reaction of the entering fuel and gas and may generate, as schematically shown at location 68, high temperature steam for a steam turbine.

[0028] The CaCO₃ and H₂ are each discharged along paths 70, 72 from the shift reactor 54 through an outlet 74, 76. The H₂ is received in a separator 77, where any fines entrained in the flow of H₂ are removed and discharged along a path 79 to the shift reactor 54. A compressor 78 in the syngas discharge line 80 pressurizes the H₂ to a sufficient level to inject the H₂ into a gas turbine, fuel cell or other hydrogen using process. The CaCO₃ is transported to the calciner 42 to drive off CO₂ gas and to regenerate CaO which is then returned along a path 58 to the shift reactor 54 to capture more CO₂, completing the loop 52. Capture of the CO₂ by the production of CaCO₃ drives the endothermic gasification reaction between the carbon dioxide, water and fuel to produce a greater quantity of carbon monoxide and hydrogen and to limit the amount of heat which must be removed (by producing steam 68). The hydrogen is produced by the water gas shift reaction

CO+H₂O

CO₂+H₂

[0029] and the carbon dioxide is captured by the reaction

CaO+CO₂→CaCO₃

[0030] When the two chemical process loops 12, 52 and thermal process loops 82, 83; 84, 85 are combined, a coal to hydrogen chemical process 88 is formed where the CaO required by the reducer reactor 16 is produced by the calciner 42, the CO rich syngas required by the shift reactor 54 is produced by the reducer reactor 16, and the heat required by the calciner 42 is produced by the oxidizer reactor 14 (described in greater detail below). The gasifier 10 and process for producing hydrogen 88 disclosed herein is more efficient than the oxygen blown IGCC process, the parasitic power loss of the oxygen plant, the heat losses associated with water-gas shift cooling, and the low temperature sulfur recovery associated with the IGCC process outweighing the need for a syngas compressor 78 in the subject gasifier 10.

[0031] The calciner 42 in the CaO/CaCO₃ loop 52 is a high temperature endothermic reactor that receives its heat from the oxidizer reactor 14 in the CaS/CaSO₄ loop 12. In a first embodiment of a thermal process loop 82, 83 transferring heat from the oxidizer reactor 14 to the calciner 42 (FIG. 1), a heat exchange mass in the form of inert particles, such as bauxite (Al₂O₃) particles or sorbent (CaO, CaCO₃, CaS, CaSO₄) particles is circulated 82, 83 between the oxidizer reactor 14 and the calciner 42 via interconnecting piping. The bauxite, CaO, CaS, and CaSO₄ is chemically inert in the calciner and can be separated from the reactants of either chemical process loop 12, 52 allowing the heat to be balanced independent of the mass balance of the chemically active material. Any bauxite which is lost during the operating cycle of the gasifier 10 may be made-up by adding, along the path 90, new bauxite particles through an inlet 34 to the reducer reactor 16.

[0032] With reference to FIGS. 3 and 4, sorbent (CaO, CaCO₃, CaS, CaSO₄) particles and coal (carbon) particles are the primary heat transfer mass in a second embodiment of the gasifier 10′. Bauxite particles may be utilized to provide for any heat transfer mass that is required for operation but which is not provided by the sorbent and coal particles. The raw coal utilized by the gasifier 10′ is fed along a path 92 into the shift reactor 54 through an inlet (along with the lime and steam 94, 96). The high temperature generated by the exothermic reaction producing the CaCO₃ devolatize and partially decarbonate the coal, with the resulting char, in the form of “heavies” and “lights”, being discharged along paths 98, 100 from the shift reactor 54 through a pair of outlets 102, 104 which are connected to a pair of inlets 106, 108 on the reducer reactor 16. CaCO₃ particles, in the form of lights, are also discharged 100 from the shift reactor 54. The flow of lights is received in a separator 110, where the small particles of char and calcium carbonate are separated from the hydrogen in which they are entrained. The lights and the hydrogen are discharged along paths 112, 114 from the separator 110, with the hydrogen being piped to the hydrogen discharge 72 of the shift reactor 54 and the lights joining the large char particles (the heavies) in the reducer reactor 16. A portion of the small char particles and CaCO₃ may be fed along a path 113 to the calciner 42 to regenerate CaO and separate CO₂. A heat exchange unit 115 may be disposed between the shift reactor 54 and the compressor 78 to produce steam.

[0033] In the thermal process loop 84, 85 of this embodiment 10′, the reducer reactor 16 comprises three sections, a char gasifier 116, a char combustor 118 and a carbon burn-out cell 120. As shown in FIG. 3, the char gasifier heavies and lights inlets 106, 108 are connected to the shift reactor heavies outlet 102 and the separator lights outlet 122 as described above. In addition, a gas outlet 124 of the char gasifier 116 is connected to a gas inlet 126 of the shift reactor 54 and a gas inlet 128 and a char outlet 130 of the char gasifier 116 are connected to a gas outlet 132 and a char inlet 134 of the char combustor 118. The char combustor 118 also has a char outlet 136 connected to a char inlet 138 of the carbon burn-out cell 120, a gas inlet 139 connected to a gas outlet 141 of the carbon burn-out cell 120, and a CaSO₄ inlet 140 connected to an outlet of the oxidizer reactor 14. The carbon burn-out cell 120 also has a CaS/fuel outlet 142 connected to an inlet of the oxidizer reactor 14, preferably has a CaSO₄ inlet 144 connected to an outlet of the oxidizer reactor 14, and may have an air inlet 146.

[0034] As described above, the oxidizer reactor 14 produces CaSO₄ in an exothermic reaction. The heat produced in this reaction is absorbed by the CaSO₄ and is transported 28 with the CaSO₄ to the reducer reactor 16. A portion of the flow of hot CaSO₄ is preferably split into three streams, with a small portion of the hot CaSO₄ being fed along a path 148 to the carbon burn-out cell 120 and larger portions of the hot CaSO₄ being fed along paths 150,153 to the char combustor 118 and, when necessary, to the char gasifier 116. The heat and oxygen content of the hot CaSO₄ decarbonizes the char received in the carbon burn-out cell 120, completing the decarbonization of the coal and producing a CO₂ rich gas which is discharged along a path 151 to the char combustor and cool CaS which is discharged along a path 152 to the oxidizer reactor 14. The heat and oxygen content of the hot CaSO₄ partially decarbonizes the char received in the char combustor 118, producing hot CO₂, CO and H₂O. The remaining char is discharged along a path 154 to the carbon burn-out cell 120 and the hot gases are discharged along a path 156 to the char gasifier 116. The heat and oxygen content of the hot gases (and CaSO₄ when fed along a path 153 to the char gasifier 116) partially decarbonizes the char received in the char gasifier 116, producing hot H₂ and hot CO rich syngas. The remaining char is discharged along a path 158 to the char combustor 118 and the hot gases (including any remaining hot CO₂ and hot H₂O) are discharged along a path 160 to the shift reactor 54.

[0035] It should be appreciated that staged gasification of the coal with the coal solids and coal gases moving in counterflow provides an efficient means to maximize carbon conversion/minimize unburned carbon and maximize the production of H₂ and CO gas while also providing an efficient means for transferring the heat energy produced by the oxidizer reactor to both the reducer reactor 16 and the shift reactor 54. It should be further appreciated that the hot gases fed along a path 160 from the char gasifier 116 to the shift reactor 54 will further heat the CaCO₃ which is fed along a path 70 from the shift reactor 54 to the calciner 42, thereby reducing the heat energy required to perform the calcination process. If additional heat input is required for the calciner 42, hot CaSO₄ may be fed along a path 162 from the oxidizer reactor 14 to the shift reactor 54. Alternatively, bauxite or other inert particles may be circulated between the oxidizer reactor 14 and the calciner 42 via the shift reactor 54.

[0036] In an alternative embodiment, the calciner 42′ may include a combustor 166 in which air and CaS are combusted to produce additional heat for the calciner 42′ (FIG. 2). Particles of hot sorbent entrained in the flue gas are discharged along a path 168 from the combustor 166 and enter a settling chamber 170, where the heavy hot solids fall out along a path 172 of the flue gas and exit the settling chamber via a sloped duct 174. The flue gas and entrained lights are discharged along a path 176 to a separator 178, where the fines are separated from the flue gas. The hot heavy solids are fed by the duct 174 into the calciner vessel 180, along with the cool CaCO₃ and hot bauxite particles (if being used). The heat from the heavy solids and bauxite particles calcines the CaCO₃, producing CaO and CO₂ (for subsequent use or sequestration).

[0037] The hot heavy solids, CaCO₃ and hot bauxite particles are introduced near the bottom of the calciner vessel 180, CO₂ is released thereby forcing the cooling heavy solids, cooling bauxite and the CaCO₃/CaO upwards along a path 182. The cold heavy solids and cold bauxite spill over a location 184 the side of the calciner vessel 180 and are fed along a path 186 to the combustor 166 by a spillway 188. The cold bauxite is returned along a path 190 to the oxidizer reactor 14 for heating and the heavy solids are further combusted in the combustor 166. The relatively light CaO is entrained in the CO₂, the combined CaO and CO₂ being discharged along a path 192 from the calciner vessel 180 to a separator 194 which removes the CaO from the CO₂. A portion of the CO₂ is removed along a path 196 from the calciner vessel 180 by a filter 198 which prevents the CaO entrained therein from also being removed. A valve 200 in the bypass line 202 controls the volumetric flow of CO₂ through the bypass line 202, thereby controlling the CO₂ flow distribution between the separator 194 and the bypass line 202 and controlling the exit velocity of the CO₂ to the separator 194 to prevent entrainment of heavy solids in the exiting CO₂.

[0038] To maintain the efficiency of the chemical process loops described above, it is important to maintain the sorbent activity of the chemicals utilized in the chemical process loops 12, 52. As discussed above, fuel bound sulfur is continuously captured in the CaS/CaSO₄ loop 12, requiring continuous removal at a location 46 of CaSO₄ and continuous addition at a location 40 of CaCO₃. The CaCO₃ is removed from the CaO/CaCO₃ loop 52, requiring the continuous addition at a location 94 of CaO. The continuous replenishment at the location 94 of CaO substantially regenerates the calcium compounds used in the gasifier 10, keeping the chemical reactivity high. In addition, the sorbent activity of the chemicals is enhanced by the reduction reactions and hydration reactions employed in the chemical process loops 12, 52, which weaken the CaSO₄ and CaCO₃ shells. The CaO produced by the calciner 42 passes through an activator 204 which mechanically breaks the particle, exposing additional surface. The activator 204 includes an eductor where a portion of the flow of CaO is entrained in a flow of gas and accelerated thereby. The entrained CaO is impacted against a surface of the activator 204, the impact mechanically fracturing the particles, assisted as necessary by steam or water hydration 206.

[0039] While preferred embodiments have been shown and described, various modifications and substitutions may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the present invention has been described by way of illustration and not limitation. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A gasifier for producing a gas product from a carbonaceous fuel comprising: a first chemical process loop including an exothermic oxidizer reactor having a CaS inlet, a hot air inlet and a CaSO₄/waste gas outlet and an endothermic reducer reactor having a CaSO₄ inlet in fluid communication with the oxidizer reactor CaSO₄/waste gas outlet, a CaS/gas product outlet in fluid communication with the oxidizer reactor CaS inlet, and a materials inlet adapted for receiving the carbonaceous fuel; and a regenerative heat exchanger including a mass of heat exchange material, a waste gas inlet in fluid communication with the oxidizer reactor CaSO₄/waste gas outlet, a waste gas outlet adapted for discharging the waste gas, an air inlet adapted for receiving air, and a hot air outlet in fluid communication with the oxidizer reactor hot air inlet; wherein CaS is oxidized in air in the oxidizer reactor to form hot CaSO₄ which is discharged to the reducer reactor, hot CaSO₄ and carbonaceous fuel received in the reducer reactor undergo an endothermic reaction utilizing the heat content of the CaSO₄, the carbonaceous fuel stripping the oxygen from the CaSO₄ to form CaS and the gas product, the CaS being discharged to the oxidizer reactor, and the gas product being discharged through the heat exchanger.
 2. The gasifier of claim 1 wherein the gas product is CO₂, the gasifier further comprising a heat exchange unit exposed to the hot CaSO₄ and adapted for receiving a flow of water and discharging a flow of steam.
 3. The gasifier of claim 1 wherein the heat exchanger also includes a gas product inlet in fluid communication with the reducer reactor CaS/gas product outlet and a gas product outlet adapted for discharging the gas product from the gasifier.
 4. The gasifier of claim 3 wherein the first chemical process loop also includes a CaS/gas product separator in fluid communication with the reducer reactor CaS/gas product outlet, the heat exchanger gas product inlet, and the oxidizer reactor CaS inlet.
 5. The gasifier of claim 1 wherein the first chemical process loop also includes a CaSO₄/waste gas separator in fluid communication with the oxidizer reactor CaSO₄/waste gas outlet, the heat exchanger waste gas inlet, and the reducer reactor CaSO₄ inlet.
 6. The gasifier of claim 5 wherein the first chemical process loop also includes a spent CaSO₄ discharge disposed intermediate the CaSO₄/waste gas separator and the reducer reactor.
 7. The gasifier of claim 1 wherein the gas product is a CO rich syngas, the gasifier further comprising a second chemical process loop including: a water-gas shift reactor having a syngas inlet in fluid communication with the reducer reactor CaS/gas product outlet, a CaO inlet, a steam inlet adapted for receiving gaseous H₂O, and a CaCO₃ outlet; and a calciner having a CaCO₃ inlet in fluid communication with the shift reactor CaCO₃ outlet and a CaO outlet in fluid communication with the shift reactor CaO inlet; wherein the CO of the syngas reacts with the gaseous H₂O to produce H₂ and CO₂, the CO₂ being captured by the CaO to form hot CaCO₃ in an exothermic reaction, the hot CaCO₃ being discharged to the calciner, the heat content of the CaCO₃ being used to strip the CO₂ from the CaO in an endothermic reaction in the calciner, and the CaO being discharged from the calciner to the shift reactor.
 8. The gasifier of claim 7 further comprising a heat exchange unit exposed to the hot CaCO₃ and adapted for receiving a flow of water and discharging a flow of steam.
 9. The gasifier of claim 7 wherein the shift reactor also has an H₂ discharge and the gasifier further comprises a compressor in fluid communication with the H₂ discharge.
 10. The gasifier of claim 7 wherein the reducer reactor also has a CaO inlet in fluid communication with calciner the CaO outlet.
 11. The gasifier of claim 7 wherein the oxidizer reactor also has a particulate heat transfer material inlet and a particulate heat transfer material outlet and the calciner also has a particulate heat transfer material inlet in fluid communication with the oxidizer reactor particulate heat transfer material outlet, and a particulate heat transfer material outlet in fluid communication with the oxidizer reactor particulate heat transfer material inlet, whereby hot CaSO₄ discharged by the oxidizer reactor is used in the endothermic reaction of the calciner and cooled CaSO₄ is discharged from the calciner to the oxidizer reactor.
 12. The gasifier of claim 7 wherein the oxidizer reactor also has a particulate heat transfer material inlet and a particulate heat transfer material outlet and the calciner also has a particulate heat transfer material inlet in fluid communication with the oxidizer reactor particulate heat transfer material outlet, and a particulate heat transfer material outlet in fluid communication with the oxidizer reactor particulate heat transfer material inlet, whereby the heat content of an inert, particulate heat transfer material discharged by the oxidizer reactor is used in the endothermic reaction of the calciner and cooled particulate heat transfer material is discharged from the calciner to the oxidizer reactor.
 13. The gasifier of claim 1 wherein the gas product is a CO rich syngas, the gasifier further comprising a second chemical process loop including: a water-gas shift reactor having a syngas inlet in fluid communication with the reducer reactor CaS/gas product outlet, a CaO inlet, a fuel inlet adapted for receiving the carbonaceous fuel, a steam inlet adapted for receiving gaseous H₂O, and a particulate outlet in fluid communication with the reducer reactor materials inlet; and a calciner having a CaCO₃ inlet in fluid communication with the shift reactor particulate outlet and a CaO outlet in fluid communication with the shift reactor CaO inlet; wherein the CO of the syngas and the carbonaceous fuel reacts with the gaseous H₂O to produce H₂, CO₂, and partially decarbonated, hot carbonaceous particulates, the CO₂ being captured by the CaO to form hot CaCO₃ in an exothermic reaction, the hot carbonaceous particulates being discharged to the reducer reactor, the hot CaCO₃ being discharged to the calciner, the heat content of the CaCO₃ being used to strip the CO₂ from the CaO in an endothermic reaction in the calciner, and the CaO being discharged from the calciner to the shift reactor.
 14. The gasifier of claim 13 wherein the shift reactor particulate outlet includes a heavies outlet and a lights outlet and the reducer reactor materials inlet includes a heavies inlet in fluid communication with the shift reactor heavies outlet and a lights inlet, the gasifier further comprising a separator in fluid communications with the shift reactor lights outlet, the reducer reactor lights inlet, and the calciner CaCO₃ inlet.
 15. The gasifier of claim 14 wherein the shift reactor also includes an H₂ outlet, the heat exchanger also includes an H₂ inlet in fluid communication with the shift reactor H₂ outlet and an H₂ outlet adapted for discharging the H₂ from the gasifier, the separator being in fluid communication with the heat exchanger H₂ inlet.
 16. The gasifier of claim 15 further comprising a compressor in fluid communication with the heat exchanger H₂ outlet.
 17. The gasifier of claim 15 further comprising a heat exchange unit in fluid communication with the heat exchanger H₂ outlet and adapted for receiving a flow of water and discharging a flow of steam.
 18. The gasifier of claim 14 wherein the reducer reactor also includes: a char gasifier in fluid communication with the shift reactor particulate outlet; a char combustor in fluid communication with the char gasifier; and a carbon burn-out cell in fluid communication with the char combustor and the oxidizer reactor CaS inlet.
 19. The gasifier of claim 18 wherein the shift reactor also includes a hot gas inlet and the char gasifier includes the reducer reactor heavies inlet, the reducer reactor lights inlet, a hot gas outlet in fluid communication with the shift reactor hot gas inlet, a char outlet, and a hot gas inlet.
 20. The gasifier of claim 19 wherein the char combustor includes a char inlet in fluid communication with the char gasifier char outlet, a hot gas outlet in fluid communication with the char gasifier hot gas inlet, a hot CaSO₄ inlet in fluid communication with the oxidizer reactor CaSO₄/waste gas outlet, a char outlet, and a hot gas inlet.
 21. The gasifier of claim 20 wherein the carbon burn-out cell includes a char inlet in fluid communication with the char combustor char outlet, a hot gas outlet in fluid communication with the char combustor hot gas inlet, a hot CaSO₄ inlet in fluid communication with the oxidizer reactor CaSO₄/waste gas outlet, and a CaS outlet in fluid communication with the oxidizer reactor CaS inlet.
 22. The gasifier of claim 21 wherein carbon burn-out cell also has an air inlet and the shift reactor and the char gasifier each also have a hot CaSO₄ inlet in fluid communication with the oxidizer reactor CaSO₄/waste gas outlet.
 23. The gasifier of claim 7 wherein the calciner includes: a calciner vessel having the CaCO₃ inlet and CaO outlet and a combustor in fluid communication with the calciner vessel, the combustor having an air inlet and a CaS inlet; wherein air and CaS combusted in the combustor produces hot sorbent particles which are discharged to the calciner vessel, the heat content of the sorbent particles calcining the CaCO₃ to produce CaO and CO₂.
 24. The gasifier of claim 23 wherein the calciner also includes: a settling chamber disposed intermediate the combustor and the calciner vessel and a first separator in fluid communication with the settling chamber; wherein the hot sorbent particles entrained in a flue gas discharged from the combustor enter the settling chamber, where hot heavy sorbent particles fall out the flue gas and enter the calciner and the flue gas and entrained light sorbent particles are discharged to the first separator, where the fine sorbent particles are separated from the flue gas.
 25. The gasifier of claim 24 wherein the calciner further includes: a sloped duct disposed intermediate the settling chamber and the calciner vessel; and a spillway disposed intermediate the calciner vessel and the combustor; wherein the hot heavy sorbent particles are fed from the settling chamber to the calciner vessel through the duct and the cold heavy sorbent particles are fed to the combustor by the spillway.
 26. The gasifier of claim 25 wherein the calciner further includes: a second separator in fluid communication with the calciner vessel and the shift reactor CaO inlet; a bypass line having a first end including a filter, the first end being in fluid communication with the calciner vessel; and a bypass valve disposed in the bypass line; wherein the CaO and the CO₂ produced by calcining the CaCO₃ are discharged from the calciner vessel to the second separator and CO₂ produced by calcining the CaCO₃ is discharged through the bypass line, the bypass valve controlling the CO₂ flow distribution between the separator and the bypass line and thereby limiting the exit velocity of the CO₂ to the separator to prevent entrainment of heavy sorbent particles in the exiting CO₂, the separator discharging the CaO to the shift reactor.
 27. The gasifier of claim 7 further comprising an activator having an inlet in fluid communication with the calciner CaO outlet and an outlet in fluid communication with the shift reactor inlet, an eductor, and an impact surface, the eductor entraining a portion of the CaO in a flow of gas, accelerating the CaO, and directing the CaO against the impact surface.
 28. The gasifier of claim 27 wherein the activator also has an H₂O inlet adapted for receiving steam or water.
 29. The gasifier of claim 13 further comprising an activator having an inlet in fluid communication with the calciner CaO outlet and an outlet in fluid communication with the shift reactor inlet, an eductor, and an impact surface, the eductor entraining a portion of the CaO in a flow of gas, accelerating the CaO, and directing the CaO against the impact surface.
 30. The gasifier of claim 29 wherein the activator also has an H₂O inlet adapted for receiving steam or water.
 31. A gasifier for producing a gas product from a carbonaceous fuel comprising: a first chemical process loop including an exothermic oxidizer reactor having a CaS inlet, a hot air inlet and a CaSO₄/waste gas outlet and an endothermic reducer reactor having a CaSO₄ inlet in fluid communication with the oxidizer reactor CaSO₄/waste gas outlet, a CaS/syngas outlet in fluid communication with the oxidizer reactor CaS inlet, and a materials inlet adapted for receiving the carbonaceous fuel; and a second chemical process loop including: a water-gas shift reactor having a syngas inlet in fluid communication with the reducer reactor CaS/syngas outlet, a CaO inlet, a steam inlet adapted for receiving gaseous H₂O, and a CaCO₃ outlet and a calciner having a CaCO₃ inlet in fluid communication with the shift reactor CaCO₃ outlet and a CaO outlet in fluid communication with the shift reactor CaO inlet; wherein CaS is oxidized in air in the oxidizer reactor to form hot CaSO₄ which is discharged to the reducer reactor, hot CaSO₄ and carbonaceous fuel received in the reducer reactor undergo an endothermic reaction utilizing the heat content of the CaSO₄, the carbonaceous fuel stripping the oxygen from the CaSO₄ to form CaS and the syngas, the CaS being discharged to the oxidizer reactor, and the syngas being discharged to the shift reactor, the CO of the syngas reacting with the gaseous H₂O to produce H₂ and CO₂, the CO₂ being captured by the CaO to form hot CaCO₃ in an exothermic reaction, the hot CaCO₃ being discharged to the calciner, the heat content of the CaCO₃ being used to strip the CO₂ from the CaO in an endothermic reaction in the calciner, and the CaO being discharged from the calciner to the shift reactor.
 32. A gasifier for producing a gas product from a carbonaceous fuel comprising: a first chemical process loop including an exothermic oxidizer reactor having a CaS inlet, a hot air inlet and a CaSO₄/waste gas outlet and an endothermic reducer reactor having a CaSO₄ inlet in fluid communication with the oxidizer reactor CaSO₄/waste gas outlet, a CaS/syngas outlet in fluid communication with the oxidizer reactor CaS inlet, and a materials inlet adapted for receiving the carbonaceous fuel; and a second chemical process loop including: a water-gas shift reactor having a syngas inlet in fluid communication with the reducer reactor CaS/syngas outlet, a CaO inlet, a fuel inlet adapted for receiving the carbonaceous fuel, a steam inlet adapted for receiving gaseous H₂O, and a particulate outlet in fluid communication with the reducer reactor materials inlet and a calciner having a CaCO₃ inlet in fluid communication with the shift reactor particulate outlet and a CaO outlet in fluid communication with the shift reactor CaO inlet; wherein CaS is oxidized in air in the oxidizer reactor to form hot CaSO₄ which is discharged to the reducer reactor, hot CaSO₄ and carbonaceous fuel received in the reducer reactor undergo an endothermic reaction utilizing the heat content of the CaSO₄, the carbonaceous fuel stripping the oxygen from the CaSO₄ to form CaS and the syngas, the CaS being discharged to the oxidizer reactor, and the syngas being discharged to the shift reactor, the CO of the syngas and the carbonaceous fuel reacting with the gaseous H₂O to produce H₂, CO₂, and partially decarbonated, hot carbonaceous particulates, the CO₂ being captured by the CaO to form hot CaCO₃ in an exothermic reaction, the hot carbonaceous particulates being discharged to the reducer reactor, the hot CaCO₃ being discharged to the calciner, the heat content of the CaCO₃ being used to strip the CO₂ from the CaO in an endothermic reaction in the calciner, and the CaO being discharged from the calciner to the shift reactor. 